Medically reviewed by Dr. Tom Biernacki, DPM — Board-Certified Podiatric Surgeon — Balance Foot & Ankle, Howell & Bloomfield Hills, MI. Last updated April 2026.

Medically Reviewed by Dr. Thomas Biernacki, DPM · Board-Certified Podiatrist · Balance Foot & Ankle Specialists
Last updated: April 2026 · This article reflects current evidence-based podiatric practice for preventing and treating work boot-related foot conditions.

Quick Answer: Work Boot Foot Problems

Work boots are essential safety equipment for construction workers, warehouse employees, electricians, plumbers, and anyone in trades requiring foot protection. But the same heavy, rigid construction that protects your feet from falling objects and puncture hazards can also cause a range of painful foot conditions when worn 8-12 hours daily. Blisters, plantar fasciitis, metatarsalgia, Achilles tendon irritation, and toenail problems are among the most common work boot complaints I treat. The majority of these conditions are preventable through proper boot fitting, break-in protocols, orthotic support, and proactive foot care — allowing you to stay protected on the job without sacrificing foot comfort.

Table of Contents

• Why Work Boots Cause Foot Problems
• Blisters and Friction Injuries
• Plantar Fasciitis From Work Boots
• Metatarsalgia and Forefoot Pain
• Achilles Tendon and Heel Issues
• Toenail Problems in Work Boots
• Foot and Leg Fatigue From Standing
• How to Properly Fit Work Boots
• The Right Way to Break In Work Boots
• Recommended Products for Work Boot Comfort
• Most Common Mistake
• Warning Signs
• Watch: Podiatrist Product Recommendations
• Frequently Asked Questions
• Sources
• Book Your Appointment

Affiliate Disclosure: This article contains affiliate links to products we genuinely recommend. As an Amazon Associate and Foundation Wellness partner, we earn from qualifying purchases at no additional cost to you. Every product listed has been personally evaluated by Dr. Biernacki in clinical practice.

Why Work Boots Cause Foot Problems

If your feet hurt at the end of every workday, you are experiencing one of the most common occupational health complaints in physically demanding professions. Work boot foot pain is not something you simply have to accept as part of the job — it is a treatable and largely preventable condition that affects your productivity, your quality of life after work, and your long-term foot health. Understanding why work boots create foot problems helps you implement targeted solutions rather than simply enduring the pain.

Work boots differ fundamentally from athletic shoes in ways that directly affect foot comfort. Safety-toe boots (steel toe, composite toe, or alloy toe) add a rigid protective cap over the forefoot that restricts natural toe movement and flexion. The stiff sole construction required for puncture resistance limits the normal bending motion of the foot during walking, forcing compensatory movement at the ankle and midfoot joints. The heavy weight of work boots — typically 2-4 pounds per boot compared to under 1 pound for running shoes — increases the energy cost of every step and accelerates fatigue in the foot and lower leg muscles.

The work environment compounds the challenges of boot construction. Concrete and steel surfaces provide zero shock absorption, transmitting every step’s impact force directly through the boot to the foot. Extended standing — common in manufacturing, assembly line work, and security positions — creates sustained loading that impairs circulation and causes progressive swelling throughout the shift. Temperature extremes in outdoor trades cause foot swelling in heat and restricted circulation in cold, both of which change the boot’s effective fit during the workday. Exposure to moisture from rain, concrete cutting, or perspiration creates a friction-promoting environment inside the boot that leads to blisters and skin breakdown.

Blisters and Friction Injuries in Work Boots

Blisters are the most immediate and common work boot complaint, and they develop when friction between the boot’s interior surface and the skin causes separation of the superficial skin layers, which then fills with fluid. New boots are the most frequent culprit because the stiff leather has not yet conformed to the foot’s contours, creating pressure points and friction zones at the heel, toes, and along the sides of the forefoot. However, even broken-in boots can cause blisters when moisture from perspiration or environmental exposure dramatically increases the coefficient of friction between the sock and skin.

The heel is the most common blister site in work boots because the rigid heel counter moves against the skin with every step. When the boot has not been adequately broken in, the heel counter acts like a rigid shell that does not flex with the natural movement of the calcaneus during gait. Each step creates a small amount of sliding between the heel and the boot interior, and over hundreds or thousands of steps per shift, this micromotion generates enough friction to produce a blister. Workers who perform tasks requiring frequent ladder climbing, stair use, or walking on inclines experience accelerated heel blistering because these activities increase the heel’s excursion within the boot.

Toe blisters develop from compression against the safety toe cap and from friction between adjacent toes in a warm, moist environment. The rigid toe cap does not flex or expand, so any swelling during the workday increases toe-to-cap contact and friction. Workers in hot environments or those performing physically demanding tasks experience greater foot swelling and more severe toe blistering. Prevention requires moisture-wicking socks (never cotton), proper boot sizing that accounts for end-of-day swelling, a thorough break-in protocol, and application of friction-reducing products to known problem areas before the shift begins.

Plantar Fasciitis From Work Boots

Plantar fasciitis is the most common chronic foot condition I see in work boot wearers, and it develops through a predictable mechanism. Most work boots come with minimal arch support — the factory insole is typically a flat, thin piece of foam that provides neither structural support nor adequate cushioning. When you stand and walk on hard surfaces for 8-12 hours in a boot that does not support the arch, the plantar fascia must absorb forces that should be distributed through the arch structure. Over weeks and months, this chronic overloading causes microtearing and degeneration of the plantar fascia at its origin on the calcaneus, producing the classic heel pain that is worst with the first steps in the morning and after sitting.

The rigid sole of work boots actually makes plantar fasciitis worse once it develops. A stiff sole prevents the normal windlass mechanism — the tightening of the plantar fascia during toe-off that helps propel the foot forward and supports the arch. When the sole is too rigid to allow metatarsophalangeal joint dorsiflexion, the calf muscles and Achilles tendon must generate additional force to propel the body forward, which increases tension on the plantar fascia through the connected fascial chain. This creates a cycle where the boot that contributed to the condition also prevents the normal biomechanics that would allow the tissue to heal.

Treating plantar fasciitis in work boot wearers requires addressing the boot environment specifically. Replacing factory insoles with structured orthotic insoles that provide firm arch support is the single most effective intervention. The orthotic transfers load from the plantar fascia to the insole’s arch structure, immediately reducing the mechanical stress that drives the condition. Calf stretching before and after shifts maintains flexibility in the gastrocnemius-soleus complex, which directly influences plantar fascia tension. For workers whose symptoms persist despite insole changes, a night splint that maintains ankle dorsiflexion prevents the plantar fascia from contracting overnight, reducing the severity of morning pain that makes the first hours of the shift miserable.

Metatarsalgia and Forefoot Pain in Safety-Toe Boots

Metatarsalgia — pain under the ball of the foot at the metatarsal heads — is particularly common in safety-toe boots because the rigid toe cap constrains the natural splay of the forefoot during weight bearing. In normal gait, the toes spread apart during the stance phase to distribute pressure across a wider area. The safety toe cap prevents this spreading, concentrating force on the metatarsal heads and compressing the intermetatarsal nerves. Workers who spend significant time on ladders, squatting, or kneeling experience additional forefoot compression that exacerbates the problem.

Morton’s neuroma symptoms — burning, numbness, and the sensation of walking on a pebble between the toes — frequently develop or worsen in safety-toe boots. The combination of forefoot compression from the toe cap, sustained pressure from hard standing surfaces, and the lack of forefoot cushioning in most work boot insoles creates an environment that irritates the intermetatarsal nerves. The third webspace (between the third and fourth toes) is most commonly affected. Workers may notice that symptoms are minimal in the morning but become severe by mid-shift, corresponding to the progressive forefoot swelling and increased nerve compression that occurs with sustained weight bearing.

Addressing metatarsalgia in work boots requires a multi-faceted approach. Choosing boots with a wider toe box — composite toe boots generally offer more internal width than steel toe models — gives the forefoot more room to spread. Orthotic insoles with a metatarsal pad positioned just proximal to the metatarsal heads redistribute pressure away from the painful area. For workers with established Morton’s neuroma, a small felt pad placed in the insole behind the affected webspace can significantly reduce nerve compression. In severe cases that do not respond to these modifications, corticosteroid injection or surgical neurectomy may be necessary, though conservative measures resolve the majority of work boot-related metatarsalgia.

Achilles Tendon and Heel Issues in Work Boots

The rigid heel counter and high back of many work boots can irritate the Achilles tendon insertion and the posterior calcaneus, leading to conditions ranging from retrocalcaneal bursitis to insertional Achilles tendinopathy. The mechanism is straightforward — a stiff boot back that does not flex with ankle movement creates a pressure point against the posterior heel with every step. Over time, this repetitive pressure inflames the retrocalcaneal bursa (the fluid-filled sac between the Achilles tendon and the calcaneus) and can cause the development of a Haglund’s deformity — a bony enlargement at the back of the heel that further increases friction against the boot.

Workers who wear lace-up work boots with a high shaft are particularly susceptible because the rigid leather around the ankle limits normal ankle dorsiflexion during walking. This restriction forces the Achilles tendon to work through a shortened range of motion while simultaneously being compressed by the boot’s heel counter. The combination of restricted motion and external pressure accelerates tendon degeneration. Trades that require frequent squatting, kneeling, or ladder climbing impose additional Achilles tendon loading that can progress from mild irritation to significant tendinopathy if left unaddressed.

Management includes choosing boots with a padded, contoured heel collar that cushions the Achilles insertion rather than pressing against it with a rigid edge. Heel lifts placed inside the boot reduce the stretch on the Achilles tendon by slightly elevating the heel, decreasing the dorsiflexion demand during walking. Topical pain relief applied to the posterior heel before and after shifts manages inflammation and discomfort. For workers with established Haglund’s deformity or chronic retrocalcaneal bursitis, a boot with a softer, more flexible heel counter or a custom modification to the existing boot’s heel area may be necessary to achieve comfortable wear.

Toenail Problems Caused by Work Boots

Work boots create a perfect storm of conditions for toenail problems — a dark, warm, moisture-rich environment combined with repetitive trauma from the safety toe cap. Ingrown toenails develop when the nail border is pressed into the surrounding skin by the confining toe cap, particularly in boots that are too narrow or too short. The constant pressure causes the nail to curve inward and penetrate the nail fold, creating a painful, often infected lesion that makes every step in work boots agonizing. Workers who cut their toenails too short or who round the nail corners inadvertently create a sharp edge that is more likely to become ingrown under boot pressure.

Subungual hematoma — blood collection under the toenail — results from repetitive microtrauma as the toe strikes the safety cap during walking, particularly during downhill walking or when carrying heavy loads that shift the foot forward in the boot. The resulting black or purple discoloration under the nail is essentially a chronic bruise. If the hematoma is large enough, it creates pressure that lifts the nail from the nail bed, eventually causing nail loosening and loss. Fungal toenail infections (onychomycosis) thrive in the warm, moist boot environment, causing nails to become thickened, discolored, and brittle. The damaged nails from repetitive trauma are even more susceptible to fungal invasion because the disrupted nail plate creates entry points for the organisms.

Preventing toenail problems in work boots starts with proper boot length — there should be a thumb’s width of space between the longest toe and the safety cap when standing. Trim toenails straight across, leaving a small amount of white nail at the tip, to prevent ingrown edges. Moisture-wicking socks keep the toe environment drier, reducing fungal growth conditions. For workers with recurrent ingrown toenails, a permanent nail procedure (partial matrixectomy) performed in the office provides lasting relief by removing the offending nail border and preventing regrowth. This minor procedure has minimal downtime and allows return to work boots within days.

Foot and Leg Fatigue From Extended Standing in Work Boots

Foot fatigue from extended standing in work boots is more than just tiredness — it represents a genuine musculoskeletal response to sustained loading that affects the entire kinetic chain from the feet through the lower back. When you stand on hard surfaces in heavy boots for hours, the intrinsic foot muscles that maintain arch height gradually fatigue, allowing the arch to collapse and the plantar fascia to bear increasing load. The calf muscles that pump venous blood back to the heart become overworked, leading to fluid pooling in the lower extremities that causes end-of-day swelling and heaviness.

The heavy weight of work boots accelerates muscular fatigue compared to lighter footwear. Each step requires lifting an additional 2-4 pounds per foot, and over a typical workday of 8,000-12,000 steps, this adds up to tens of thousands of pounds of additional work performed by the lower extremity muscles. The rigid sole further increases energy expenditure because it prevents the natural spring-like function of the foot’s arch during walking, requiring the muscles to generate all propulsive force rather than recovering stored elastic energy.

Combating work boot fatigue requires intervention at multiple levels. Anti-fatigue insoles with structured arch support reduce the demand on intrinsic foot muscles by providing external support to the arch. Compression socks or sleeves worn inside boots improve venous return and reduce end-of-day swelling. Standing on anti-fatigue mats when the work location permits reduces the impact of hard surface standing. Taking brief seated breaks every 1-2 hours when possible allows muscle recovery and fluid redistribution. Calf raises and ankle circles performed during breaks activate the venous pump and maintain circulation. Maintaining overall lower extremity strength through regular exercise improves the muscles’ endurance capacity for the demands of boot-wearing workdays.

How to Properly Fit Work Boots for Foot Health

Proper work boot fitting is the foundation of foot health for trades workers, yet it is one of the most commonly rushed or overlooked aspects of boot selection. Many workers choose boots based primarily on safety rating, price, or appearance, without adequate attention to fit. A properly fitted work boot should be tried on at the end of the workday when feet are at their maximum swollen size. You should wear the same type of socks and insoles that you plan to use on the job — trying boots with thin dress socks and then wearing them with thick work socks creates an immediate fit discrepancy.

Length should provide approximately a thumb’s width of space between the longest toe and the end of the boot while standing. Width should allow the forefoot to spread naturally without compression against the safety toe cap, but without excessive looseness that allows sliding. The heel should feel snug without pinching — minimal lifting during walking indicates proper heel fit, while significant heel slippage will inevitably cause blisters. The instep (top of the foot) should have comfortable contact with the lacing system without excessive pressure from the tongue or lace hardware.

Arch type matters significantly in work boot selection. Workers with flat feet need boots with a last (the foot-shaped form the boot is built around) that accommodates a lower arch profile and provides medial stability. Workers with high arches need boots that provide adequate volume to accommodate the higher instep and an insole that fills the gap under the arch. Many workers with foot problems benefit from having boots professionally fitted at a specialty work boot retailer where width sizing and different last shapes are available, rather than selecting from limited options at general retailers.

The Right Way to Break In New Work Boots

Breaking in new work boots properly prevents the painful blisters, hot spots, and pressure injuries that result from wearing stiff new boots for a full shift from day one. A proper break-in protocol takes 1-2 weeks but saves you from days of suffering and potential lost work time from boot-related injuries. Start by wearing new boots for 2-3 hours at home during the first few days, performing normal activities like walking, doing chores, and climbing stairs. This allows the leather to begin softening and conforming to your foot shape in a controlled environment where you can remove the boots if discomfort develops.

During the second phase, wear the boots for half-shifts at work (4-5 hours), bringing your old boots to change into for the remainder of the day. This exposes the boots to the actual movements, surfaces, and conditions of your job while limiting the duration of exposure. By the end of the first week, most quality leather work boots have begun to conform to the foot and the most prominent pressure points have softened. During the second week, extend wear time to full shifts, monitoring for any remaining pressure points or friction areas that may need attention.

Leather conditioning products applied during the break-in period help soften the leather more quickly and evenly. Focus conditioning on the areas that flex most during walking — the vamp (top of the forefoot area), the ankle, and the heel counter. Avoid over-conditioning waterproof boots, as excess oils can compromise the waterproofing membrane. For persistent pressure points that do not resolve with normal break-in, a cobbler or boot repair shop can stretch specific areas of the boot using professional stretching tools, providing targeted relief without compromising the boot’s overall structure.

Recommended Products for Work Boot Foot Health

The right products transform work boots from pain-causing necessities into comfortable, supportive footwear that protects your feet on both the safety and comfort fronts. Each product below targets a specific aspect of work boot foot health.

PowerStep Orthotic Insoles — Replace Factory Insoles Immediately

PowerStep orthotic insoles are the single most impactful upgrade you can make to any pair of work boots. Factory insoles in work boots are almost universally inadequate — they provide a flat, thin cushioning layer without any structural arch support. PowerStep insoles provide the firm arch support that prevents plantar fasciitis development, the forefoot cushioning that reduces metatarsal pressure, and the heel cupping that improves boot fit and reduces blister-causing heel slippage. I tell every work boot patient in my practice to replace their factory insoles with PowerStep before anything else — this one change resolves or significantly improves the majority of work boot foot complaints. PowerStep offers models specifically designed for the volume constraints of work boots, with a lower profile that fits inside tighter-fitting safety-toe boots without creating a cramped toe box.

Doctor Hoy’s Natural Pain Relief Gel — Before and After Shift Relief

Doctor Hoy’s Natural Pain Relief Gel provides targeted pain and inflammation relief for the cumulative foot stress that work boot wearers experience daily. Applied to the plantar fascia, heel, and metatarsal region before the morning shift, Doctor Hoy’s arnica and menthol formula creates a protective analgesic effect that reduces the impact of the first painful hours of the day for those dealing with plantar fasciitis. Applied again after the shift, it manages the inflammation and aching that accumulate through a long day on hard surfaces. For workers dealing with Achilles tendon irritation from the boot’s heel counter, applying Doctor Hoy’s to the posterior heel both morning and evening provides meaningful relief without the systemic effects of oral anti-inflammatory medications. I recommend keeping one tube at home and one in the work bag for consistent twice-daily application during active flare-ups.

DASS Compression Sleeves — Combat Fatigue and Swelling

DASS compression sleeves address the circulation-related consequences of extended standing in heavy work boots. The graduated medical-grade compression enhances venous return from the lower extremities, counteracting the gravity-driven fluid pooling that causes end-of-day swelling, heaviness, and fatigue. Worn under work boots throughout the shift, DASS compression reduces the progressive swelling that changes boot fit during the day — a swollen foot in a rigid boot experiences more friction, more metatarsal compression, and more toenail trauma. For workers on their feet 10-12 hours daily, the difference in end-of-day leg fatigue between wearing and not wearing compression is substantial. Many of my construction and warehouse patients report that DASS compression is the single most noticeable comfort improvement they have made to their work boot setup.

PowerStep, Doctor Hoy’s, and DASS — The Complete Work Boot Upgrade

Complete Work Boot Comfort Kit

For trades workers dealing with daily foot pain, I recommend the complete Foundation Wellness work boot upgrade. PowerStep insoles replace the factory insoles for all-day arch support and cushioning. Doctor Hoy’s gel is applied morning and evening to manage pain and inflammation at the plantar fascia, heel, and forefoot. DASS compression is worn inside boots all shift to maintain circulation, reduce swelling, and combat fatigue. This three-product combination addresses the structural, inflammatory, and circulatory factors that make work boots uncomfortable — most patients notice meaningful improvement within the first week of consistent use.

Most Common Mistake With Work Boot Foot Care

Most Common Mistake
The most common mistake I see in work boot wearers is never replacing the factory insoles. Workers will spend $200-300 on quality work boots and then stand on the $2 flat foam insole that came inside for the entire life of the boot. That factory insole provides zero arch support and minimal cushioning, and it compresses to near-uselessness within the first few weeks of wear. A $30-40 aftermarket orthotic insole with structured arch support transforms boot comfort more than any other single intervention. The second most common mistake is wearing cotton socks — cotton absorbs moisture and holds it against the skin, dramatically increasing blister risk and creating the warm, damp environment that promotes fungal infections. Switch to moisture-wicking synthetic or merino wool work socks immediately.

Warning Signs That Require Professional Evaluation

Warning Signs — See Your Podiatrist
Seek professional evaluation if you experience any of these warning signs while wearing work boots: heel pain that persists for more than 2 weeks despite insole changes and stretching (established plantar fasciitis requiring treatment), numbness or burning in the toes that does not resolve after removing boots (possible nerve compression requiring intervention), an ingrown toenail with redness, swelling, or drainage (infection requiring professional treatment), a black toenail that is painful or loosening (subungual hematoma that may need drainage), a blister that becomes hot, red, and shows signs of spreading infection, ankle swelling that does not fully resolve overnight (possible venous insufficiency), or any sharp, sudden foot pain during work activities (possible stress fracture or tendon injury). Ignoring these symptoms in the work boot environment typically leads to rapid progression because the causative factors continue daily.

Watch: Podiatrist Recommended Products for Work Boot Comfort

In this video, I review the foot care products I recommend most frequently in my clinical practice, including products that significantly improve work boot comfort and foot health for trades workers.

Frequently Asked Questions About Work Boot Foot Problems

Are steel toe boots bad for your feet?

Steel toe boots are not inherently bad for your feet — they provide essential protection from crushing and impact injuries. However, poorly fitted steel toe boots that are too narrow, too short, or worn with inadequate insoles can cause metatarsalgia, toe numbness, ingrown toenails, and forefoot compression. The key is selecting boots with adequate toe box width and length, replacing factory insoles with supportive orthotics, and ensuring proper sizing that accounts for end-of-day foot swelling. Composite toe boots offer a lighter alternative with slightly more internal width than steel toe models.

How do I prevent blisters in new work boots?

Follow a proper break-in protocol: wear new boots for 2-3 hours at home for the first few days, then half-shifts at work for the first week, then full shifts during the second week. Always wear moisture-wicking synthetic or merino wool socks — never cotton. Apply friction-reducing products or moleskin to known blister-prone areas (heels, toes) before wearing new boots. Ensure proper fit that accounts for end-of-day swelling. If hot spots develop, address them immediately with padding or bandaging rather than pushing through the discomfort.

What insoles are best for work boots?

The best work boot insoles provide firm arch support, adequate heel cushioning, and forefoot padding while fitting within the tighter volume constraints of safety-toe boots. I recommend PowerStep orthotic insoles for most work boot wearers because they provide structured arch support that prevents plantar fasciitis, dual-layer cushioning for shock absorption on hard surfaces, and a heel cup that improves boot fit. Look for insoles specifically designed for work boots rather than running-specific insoles, as work boot models have a lower profile to fit the tighter boot volume.

Why do my feet swell so much in work boots?

Foot swelling in work boots results from gravity-driven fluid pooling in the lower extremities during extended standing or walking. The heavy, rigid boot construction restricts the natural foot and ankle motion that helps pump venous blood back toward the heart. Hard standing surfaces compound the problem by reducing the muscular pump activity that assists venous return. Wearing graduated compression socks or sleeves inside boots significantly reduces this swelling. Taking brief seated breaks, performing calf raises during work pauses, and staying hydrated also help manage occupational foot swelling.

How often should work boots be replaced?

Work boots should be replaced when the sole tread is significantly worn (reducing traction and safety), the midsole cushioning has compressed and no longer provides shock absorption, the upper leather has broken down to the point of losing structural support, or the safety toe shows signs of deformation. For daily wear in demanding trades, this typically occurs every 6-12 months depending on conditions. The insoles should be replaced more frequently — every 3-6 months — as they compress and lose support faster than the boot itself. Two pairs of boots rotated on alternate days extend the life of both pairs by allowing full drying between wears.

Sources

1. Redfern MS, Cham R. “The influence of flooring on standing comfort and fatigue.” AIHAJ – American Industrial Hygiene Association. 2000;61(5):700-708.
2. Chander DS, Cavalheri V. “Occupational standing and musculoskeletal symptoms: systematic review.” International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020;17(15):5390.
3. Anderson J, et al. “The effect of insoles on occupational foot comfort and function.” Applied Ergonomics. 2017;65:28-34.
4. Bureau of Labor Statistics. “Nonfatal occupational injuries and illnesses requiring days away from work.” US Department of Labor, 2023.
5. Landorf KB, et al. “Effectiveness of foot orthoses for treatment and prevention of lower limb injuries.” Sports Medicine. 2019;49(4):585-597.

Book Your Appointment With Dr. Biernacki

Suffering From Work Boot Foot Pain? Don’t accept foot pain as a cost of doing business. Dr. Biernacki provides expert evaluation, custom orthotic solutions for work boots, and treatment plans designed for the demands of your trade.

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Balance Foot & Ankle Specialists · Southeast Michigan

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When to See a Podiatrist for Work Boot Foot Problems

If your work boots are causing blisters, plantar fasciitis, or toe injuries, a podiatrist can recommend solutions including custom orthotics designed for safety footwear. At Balance Foot & Ankle, we treat occupational foot conditions at our Howell and Bloomfield Hills offices.

Learn About Our Custom Work Boot Orthotics | Book Your Appointment | Call (810) 206-1402

Clinical References

1. Marr SJ, Quine S. “Shoe concerns and foot problems of wearers of safety footwear.” Occupational Medicine. 1993;43(2):73-77.
2. Dobson JA, Riddiford-Harland DL, Bell AF, Steele JR. “Work boot design affects the way workers walk: a systematic review of the literature.” Applied Ergonomics. 2017;61:53-68.
3. Anderson J, Williams AE, Nester C. “An explorative qualitative study to determine the foot health problems of workers in occupations that require prolonged standing.” Journal of Foot and Ankle Research. 2017;10:41.